The ḥāl and the absolute object

The حال says in what state something happens. It is an indefinite noun in the accusative, so it takes the extra alif: جاء الولد مسرعا, رجعت إلى البيت متعبا.

The absolute object repeats the verbal noun of the verb for emphasis or manner: فرحت فرحا كبيرا, نام نوما عميقا. It is accusative too.

The تمييز says what is counted or measured: عشرون طالبا, اشتريت كيلو تفاحا, هو أكثر مني علما. All three follow the tanween rules: ضحكت ضحكة عالية, with no alif after taa marbuta.